Looking for Three Day Old Baby Calves to Put on a Moma Cow
Updated March 25, 2020
Veterinarian Review Initiative
This resource has been reviewed for accuracy and clarity past a qualified Md of Veterinary Medicine with farmed fauna A species or specific brood of fauna that is raised past humans for the utilise of their bodies or what comes from their bodies. sanctuary experience every bit of March 2020.
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Calves (infant cows While "cows" tin can be defined to refer exclusively to female cattle, at The Open Sanctuary Projection we refer to domesticated cattle of all ages and sexes as "cows." ) have their own special care needs to help them attain adulthood in skillful health and comfort. Depending on how quondam they are when they enter your care and whether they have had or continue to have access to their mother, calves have diverse needs when it comes to health, nutrition, and socialization.
Sanctuary Intake Recommendations For Calves
When a new calf finds their way to your sanctuary, it's critical to follow appropriate intake and quarantine guidelines in gild to protect your new resident and the existing herd. The calf should exist neutered (or spayed if this is part of your care protocols) if deemed advisable by your veterinarian, receive all location-appropriate vaccinations, and should be tested for whatever health issues. Information technology's best to neuter a male person calf when they are young, typically betwixt one and three months quondam, to avoid the complications that tin arise when neutering an older calf or mature male cow While "cow" tin be defined to refer exclusively to female cattle, at The Open Sanctuary Project we refer to domesticated cattle of all ages and sexes as "cows." (as well chosen a "bull"), only individuals with health issues may need to wait. Depending on regional laws, you may need to register guardianship of the dogie with your local government. If they are with their mother, you should not separate the two unless absolutely necessary (especially if the calf is withal nursing) such as if i of them has a communicable disease or needs actress infinite to recover from a health issue. Always weigh the stress of separation with the benefits.
Incoming calves in item must be tested for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), and tin can not be kept with any Johne's-positive animals in your herd as they are near susceptible to catching the disease. While Johne'southward screening is an important aspect of incoming cow procedures, testing calves who are under six months one-time is often not advised because the antibodies they received from their female parent can affect the results. Notwithstanding, calves under six months old can go infected with Johne'south only typically won't show clinical signs until they are ii-v years quondam. Piece of work with your veterinarian to come up with a programme for Johne's testing based on the calf's age, health, and whether or not you know their mother'southward Johne's condition.
The Complications Of Johne'south Testing
Unfortunately, screening for Johne's disease in animals who are not showing clinical signs of the illness is difficult. This is why information technology is important to work with your veterinarian to make up one's mind the all-time protocol for Johne's testing. The Johne'due south PCR fecal test is the near authentic style to test for the disease, but cows who have been infected can still test negative if they are not currently shedding the disease. Because of the possibility of faux negatives, echo testing and watching for clinical signs is imperative.
Be sure to monitor the dogie's rectal temperature daily for fever and monitor joints and navel for whatever signs of heat, swelling, pain, or discharge twice a day. Typically, a calf's temperature should be between 99.9 and 102.5, but a healthy dogie's temperature tin can fluctuate due to ecology factors and activeness level and could reach 103.5 without actually existence cause for concern. This is why it's important to consider many factors when assessing a calf'due south temperature- a dogie who is vivid and constantly playing who has a temperature of 103.5 is very different than a calf who has that same temperature only also has runny eyes, a cough, and doesn't have a great appetite. Taking a calf's temperature either in the morning and/ or evening will likely requite you the most authentic reading. After the beginning few days, bold the calf appears healthy and has not been spiking a fever, yous tin can take the calf's temperature in one case a mean solar day instead of twice. If you have concerns regarding a calf's temperature, always consult with your veterinarian and exist prepared to requite them other information about how the calf is doing overall (ambition, activity level, and if they have any other signs of concern). If the umbilical string is nevertheless attached or the omphalos is still open, be sure to keep this area clean. If the dogie is over 7 days old, the navel and any remaining umbilical cord should exist completely dry out. Upon intake, dip the umbilical cord in vii% providone-iodine solution or a 2% chlorhexidine solution, then clean twice daily with dilute 0.5% chlorhexidine until healed. It's all-time to allow the umbilical cord to dry up and fall off on it's own. If you accept the capability to weigh the calf, this is a good idea and allows y'all to monitor for advisable weight proceeds.
Immediate Treatment Required
If an incoming calf is showing symptoms of bellybutton or joint sick (discussed in more than particular below), or if they appear to accept even the smallest limp in ane of their legs, they must be hospitalized immediately and treated equally these diseases can chop-chop cause irreversible damage and pb to sepsis which can be fatal.
Food And Nutritional Recommendations For Calves
Colostrum
With calves, nutritional intendance decisions swivel upon their precise age and whether they have received their mother'due south (or a different recent female parent cow'southward) colostrum immediately subsequently nativity. Unlike humans, cows do not receive passive immunity through placenta; rather, they must ingest protective immunoglobulins through colostrum, the first milk produced by their mother when they are born. This substance also contains of import nutrients and growth hormones which help the moo-cow properly develop. Without colostrum, calves lack the crucial immune system boost required to assistance them survive and thrive until their ain immune system develops. There is only well-nigh a 24 hr window for the dogie's intestinal lining to be able to absorb the colostrum'due south antibodies, with the starting time vi hours afterward birth beingness the most effective assimilation fourth dimension and an exponential loss in effectiveness as the twenty-four hour period goes on. They should have ii quarts of colostrum inside four hours of birth and 4 quarts total within 12 hours of birth.
If a dogie did non receive adequate colostrum in the showtime crucial hours of their life,they must receive rapid medical intervention. If they are less than a day quondam, you should still try to administrate actual or bogus colostrum, but in one case they're more than than a day erstwhile it is effectively useless. Make sure you are buying a colostrum "replacement" versus a "supplement" as the supplement does not contain plenty IgG proteins to provide the dogie with the essential level they require. Check packaging carefully- information technology will state which type information technology is. If you practise not know if the calf received colostrum, or practice not know if they received plenty, you can work with your veterinarian to test them for Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT). Calves who haven't received colostrum should be provided rapid treatment including claret transfusions and possibly antibiotics administered in a clean veterinary environment. If you are not willing to take this course of action for a calf who did not receive acceptable colostrum, there is a very good risk they will not survive or will be prone to a life where they are always more susceptible to infectious diseases.
Bottle Feeding
Without a mother nowadays, you'll accept to feed a dogie with a bottle, artificial nipple, or bucket for at to the lowest degree four weeks. Calves should exist fed warmed milk (store bought whole moo-cow'south milk works well for calves) or (less preferably) warmed calf milk formula (either should be typically heated to around 100 degrees Fahrenheit). If using a milk replacer, be sure to use one formulated specifically for calves, and follow the directions on the packet when preparing. The milk replacer will come with a scoop provided and all mixing instructions will be based on using that scoop, so don't throw information technology out! While it tin be more expensive, whole cow's milk is easier for digestion and is less likely to cause scours (diarrhea- discussed in more than detail beneath). Calves should exist fed at least 10-12% of their body weight, though your veterinary may recommend more, especially if yous are feeding whole cow'due south milk. Feeding too much milk replacer tin cause tum upset, so they may suggest y'all stick with 10-12% body weight to prevent issues. If you took in a calf in the centre of this period of their life, try to become what the dogie had been eating before coming to their new habitation so you can gradually transition their diet. This will preclude the likelihood of stomachaches or other digestive issues equally their body adjusts.
Computing Milk Volume Based On Torso Weight
1 Liter of whole milk or prepared milk replacer (mixed according to package instructions) weighs about 1kg. Starting with that knowledge makes calculating milk volume much easier. You can follow this formula:
| Steps | Instance |
| Counterbalance calf | Calf weighs 90lbs |
| Catechumen weight to kg if weighing in lbs | 90/two.ii= 40.9kg |
| Multiply weight in kg past percent you want to feed to get total corporeality per 24-hour interval | If feeding 10% body weight twoscore.9kg x 10% = 4.09L milk per day |
| Divide total amount fed per day past the number of meals to determine corporeality to feed at each meal | If feeding 4 times per day four.09L/ iv meals = 1L per feeding |
At present that you know the principles, yous can use our free calculators below to sort out the math for you!
To help in their rumen development, you tin can starting time offering calves a modest amount of calf starter when they are iii days old. At first they may not eat it, just it'southward skilful to have it available to them. Increment the amount when they start showing involvement in eating information technology. Until they're two weeks erstwhile, they should have milk split up between four and six feedings per day. Afterward two weeks y'all can reduce the number of feedings without reducing the overall corporeality of milk (meaning larger milk amounts fed less often). Be sure to increase their overall milk intake as they grow! A healthy calf will grow quickly, so exist sure to arrange their milk amount to reflect this. Ensure that yous sterilize their canteen after each feeding, either with a baby safety sterilizing amanuensis, a sterilizing appliance, or with boiling water. You should always continue loftier quality hay, calf starter grain, and water in their living space The indoor or outdoor area where an animal resident lives, eats, and rests. available should they decide they want to try eating on their own (you can selection up the dogie starter at night to preclude attracting mice or rats). When offering a canteen or artificial nipple, ever cheque the nipple to ensure milk does non pour freely out when the bottle is inverted. This could cause the dogie to aspirate which can lead to pneumonia. Instead, milk should simply come out when the calf suckles. Discard any nipples that do not work properly. Shoof makes calf bottles, such equally the Speedy Feeder, which help prevent aspiration.
If They Cannot Suckle
If a calf cannot take in nutrient via bottle, artificial nipple, or saucepan feeding, you may need to teach them how to suckle. Try seeing if they'll suck on your finger, then carefully replacing your finger with the artificial nipple. It might take quite a few introductions until they get the hang of it! Don't put your paw in a cow's oral fissure fully as they can reactively seize with teeth downwards and cause massive injuries to fingers. Do not enlarge the nipple size equally this tin lead to aspiration. If they are truly struggling with the concept, you may need to feed the calf via intubation the introduction of a tube into a hollow organ (such as the esophagus or trachea) until they acquire and then they go along to receive the vital nutrition they need to develop. Do not intubate whatsoever animal without receiving in-person training from an expert, as they can easily drown if not intubated exactly correctly every time. An injection of selenium is commonly given to calves who have a weak suckle response- contact your veterinarian for specific instructions.
Transitioning To Solid Foods
When the dogie is eating calf starter and hay (or pasture) regularly, or around the time they are i month old, you can kickoff offering free choice mineral access. Ensure that they do non overindulge in the minerals, removing access for the rest of a twenty-four hour period if necessary. When the calf appears to exist eating hay and dogie starter well, y'all can brainstorm slowly reducing their milk while giving them more solid food access. Bottle or bucket feeding might continue for up to 16 weeks, though the calf may transition fully to solid food well before this fourth dimension. They should be eating hay (or pasture if your sanctuary'due south foliage can fully support their diet) every bit the majority of their diet once weaned, only your veterinary may recommend you continue to offer measured amounts of calf starter.
If The Calf Has Their Mother
If a calf came to your sanctuary along with their mother (or if a pregnant cow came to your sanctuary), you should let their mother take charge of feeding and nutrition for the most part as long equally you are confident she is producing enough milk to exercise and then. They volition wean off of their female parent's milk when they feel it is advisable, and as long as you lot have solid food and minerals available for when they make that decision, they will time their development much better than a human being would in about circumstances! Both cows will be much happier to take each other than if they had been separated.
Living Space Recommendations For Calves
It's important to ensure that calves are provided with relief from extreme temperatures. In colder environments, they may require extra bedding in the course of straw, moo-cow-rubber heaters, or blankets if necessary, until they've developed a more robust coat and extra insulating body fat. In hot environments, it'southward important to give them aplenty opportunities to avert overheating, including employing gentle misting fans (making sure non to get their surround too moist) and giving them ample shade if they desire it. You may also desire to provide both an indoor and outdoor living spaces away from other cows and large sanctuary mammals (other than their mother if she'due south nowadays) to go along them safe until they grow a little bigger and stronger, and until their immune system grows more than robust. Once they tin can graze on pasture or hay exclusively, they'll usually exist set to handle being with other cows. At around a year old (or at the recommended age according to your veterinarian), a calf should have a rumen magnet placed within them to protect them from hardware disease.
Social Recommendations For Calves
Calves should be given space away from mature cows (except for their mother if she'due south nowadays) until they have matured to a point where they no longer require supplemental feeding. At this signal in their development, they'll be strong and nimble enough to spend time amid other grazing cows and volition have the power to safely go away from others if confronted or bullied. When yous first introduce a much younger cow to the existing herd, make sure to spotter over initial interactions to ensure everyone is playing safe. Information technology's unlikely for there to be whatever bug, but every cow has their own personality and some might be more than rambunctious or hesitant to bond than others. Older cows will teach a younger one how to accordingly play and found boundaries. If you lot are caring for multiple new calves together, one time they are given a clean bill of health from a veterinarian, they will typically brand for very close lifelong companions with few attitude issues!
If 1 of the cows in the herd has their horns, ensure that they are acting safely around the calf, equally some individual horned cows have been known to have less horn spatial sensation than others!
Training Is Important Too!
While you are spending fourth dimension socializing with a younger moo-cow, make sure to establish healthy concrete boundaries early on, utilizing a spray water bottle if necessary if a younger cow gets likewise physical or excited around humans. Although it tin be very enjoyable and gratifying to collaborate with a calf as you may with a friendly dog, when calves grow up after existence raised past humans, some individuals have a hard fourth dimension agreement the physics of a fully grown moo-cow playing with or jumping on a friendly caregiver, and a human-raised calf won't understand that you are non a cow. This has caused numerous accidental injuries in sanctuary environments; ultimately a few spritzes of water is highly preferable to a huge friend accidentally knocking over a volunteer or visitor!
Mutual Calf Health Challenges
While not an exhaustive list of the potential health challenges a calf could face, below are the most mutual issues that affect calves.
Navel Ill
Calves with FTP, especially those born into muddied environments and who do not receive proper navel (umbilical) treatment, are especially prone to navel infection, referred to as navel ill or Omphalitis. In newborns, the umbilicus, or umbilicus, is open and can permit bacteria to enter. The umbilical string serves as a connection between the calf and mother for the transfer of nutrients and after being born this membrane is torn and should dry upwardly and close within a few days of nascency. Calves with umbilicus ill may accept hot, bloated, painful navels, there may be discharge present, and the calf may appear very dull with little interest in eating. Maggots can as well develop in this region if there is an infection present. This is generally noted about ii-5 days after nascence. Left untreated, the infection tin spread resulting in other issues such every bit peritonitis, joint ill (described below), or septicemia. Calves with suspected navel ill should be assessed by a veterinarian immediately and will crave systemic antibiotic treatment, possibly intravenously. In some cases surgical intervention is also necessary. Be sure to continue calf living spaces clean and dry, monitor their navel twice daily, and follow the instructions listed above regarding proper navel care and rectal temperature monitoring.
Joint Ill
If bacteria travels to the joints, this volition cause an infection in the joint called articulation ill or infectious arthritis. This can develop every bit a result of untreated omphalus sick, or the bacteria can travel to the joints as a result of an infection in other parts of the body. Calves with joint ill may have a hot, swollen, and painful joint, and they may be reluctant to stand or bear weight on the afflicted leg. Information technology can affect one or multiple joints at the same fourth dimension. Every bit noted in a higher place, if a calf develops even a slight limp in their pace, you should have them evaluated past a veterinarian to determine if the cause is an infection or injury. Calves with joint ill tin confront lifelong mobility challenges- early on treatment is imperative. This is why nosotros recommend monitoring a calf's joints (fetlocks, knees, and hocks are most commonly affected, but any joint tin develop an infection). Calves with articulation sick will require systemic antibiotics and pain management. In some cases the joint volition need to be flushed or the placement of antibiotic beads may be recommended.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a respiratory affliction acquired by inflammation in the lungs. Calves can develop pneumonia from a variety of causes including environmental factors (loftier humidity, poor ventilation, and/ or being exposed to common cold temperatures) and aspiration (frequently from inhaling milk from a nipple that flows too quickly). It tin can also be caused by a diversity of organisms including bacterial, viral, fungal or a combination of any of those. Calves with FTP are especially vulnerable to developing pneumonia due to a deficient immune arrangement. Signs of pneumonia may include fever, coughing, nasal or ocular discharge, labored breathing, gurgly or wet sounding breathing, a dull appearance, lethargy, and a poor appetite. If the calf is suffering from a chronic pneumonia you may only see a mild version of these signs; they generally have nasal discharge with a slight increment in their respiratory charge per unit. Calves displaying signs of pneumonia should be assessed past a veterinary as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will be able to recommend an antibody treatment and based on the severity may recommend other treatments or diagnostics (including blood work and an ultrasound of their lungs). Without proper treatment calves can dice from pneumonia, and those who recover can endure from permanent damage to their lungs. Prevention is the key to keep pneumonia at bay. Vaccinations of the mom (if possible) and calf is very important as is maintaining a healthy environment for the calf. There are a variety of vaccinations bachelor for preventing pneumonia- contact your veterinarian to make up one's mind which is best for your sanctuary and region.
Scours
Scours is another name for diarrhea in ruminants, which could originate from a number of different infectious and non-infectious sources. Viruses, leaner and protozoa can all deed alone or together to crusade scours. The calf's nutrition can also be a contributing factor. While cows of any historic period can develop diarrhea for a variety of reasons, most dogie scours occurs during their starting time month of life. If left untreated, calves with scours tin quickly become dehydrated. In immature calves it is this aridity, non the organism that caused the scours, that is the nigh mutual cause of decease. We strongly recommend a calf with scours is seen by a veterinarian, just if you lot are experienced in how to conduct a physical exam on a dogie and know how to determine their level of hydration, you may choose to closely monitor the dogie at first. If you are not familiar with how to assess a dogie's hydration condition, you should have your veterinarian show you how to do so through skin tenting and assessing if a dogie has sunken eyes. By existence able to provide this information to your veterinarian, they volition be able to make up one's mind if you tin can manage the calf's care on your own or if more than avant-garde interventions are necessary. It is imperative you involve a veterinary if the dogie is showing signs of aridity or has had scours for more than a few days. They can help determine the underlying crusade, establish an appropriate treatment programme, and provide supportive care as needed. While it is sometimes possible to determine the cause of the scours by considering the age of the calf and the appearance of the diarrhea, your veterinary may recommend fecal diagnostic testing to determine the crusade and best course of action. We volition talk over some of the more common infectious causes of scours beneath. In nigh cases, handling consists primarily of supportive care rather than treatment of the underlying crusade (either because there is no treatment or because treatment is simply brash in severe cases). To accost their dehydration, the calf will need electrolytes designed for calves which tin can be in addition to their milk, or in place of some of their milk. Some electrolytes tin hinder the absorption of milk given; therefore, your veterinarian should assistance decide the best treatment program. They may too recommend adding lactaid tabs to their milk. If the calf is also weak to accept fluids orally, they may crave intravenous or subcutaneous administration, performed by a qualified veterinarian or expert. Ensure that the dogie is kept warm, dry, and quarantined during recovery and go along to exercise skilful biosecurity habits to protect the rest of the herd. If the scours source is Cryptosporidium , Giardia , or other zoonotic disease, you must take all advisable measures to ensure that no human is exposed straight to their fecal thing. These are highly contagious to humans and can be life threatening to immature humans. Practise not let a calf with scours interact with the public. It is imperative that everyone working with or effectually a calf who has scours wears gloves and avoid letting any office of the calf make contact with a human'due south face (we know calves are extremely kissable, but for anybody's safety, you really must avoid directly kissing a calf with scours).
There are many dogie scour scoring charts online that can assistance you lot determine the crusade of the diarrhea. The following are some of the virtually common infectious agents that are responsible for scours. You lot tin check out examples of the diarrhea caused past each of these agents here. Please annotation, this is not a sanctuary resource and discusses calves in terms of financial gain/ loss.
Rotavirus/ Coronavirus
These are the most common viruses that can cause diarrhea in calves. Though they can cause diarrhea at any fourth dimension within the calf's first month of life, they are most normally institute between three-21 days of age. These viruses volition cause the calf to lose the ability to absorb the milk and nutrients they are drinking. Their feces will take a watery appearance with a color variation from brown to green. It may incorporate mucus and blood because of the harm to the abdominal lining. Treatment consists of replacing lost electrolytes. Antibiotics are just used in cases where the calf doesn't respond to fluid therapy and address any secondary bacterial infection.
Escherichia Coli (Due east. coli)
Diarrhea acquired past E.coli typically occurs during a calf'south showtime week of life. Like rotavirus and coronavirus, the K99 strain of E.Coli can crusade severe damage to the intestinal tract lining. This is because the bacteria releases a toxin that volition impairment the intestinal lining. Calves get resistant to the furnishings of this toxin afterwards they achieve ane week old. E. coli tin spread through the gut into the bloodstream resulting in infections in other parts of the trunk. Scours caused past E. coli is typically described equally an effortless passing of white to yellow feces (think of water shooting out of a hose). Treatment consists of providing electrolytes and may include antimicrobial therapy and vaccinations.
Cryptosporidium ("Crypto")
Cryptosporidium is a protozoal organism and generally affects calves between 7-21 days of age. This is a zoonotic disease and easily transmits to humans, specially people who have not spent much time around farmed animals A species or specific breed of animal that is raised past humans for the utilize of their bodies or what comes from their bodies. in their life. Calves with cryptosporidium have moderate to heavy diarrhea that persists for several days regardless of treatment. Carrion are stake or yellow, watery, and contain fungus. The diarrhea generally is self limiting without handling and will resolve after several days. Death from aridity does not normally occur; however, it is still important to monitor the calf's hydration status each twenty-four hours. Maintaining clean and dry living spaces and having robust quarantine protocols are important to aid prevent an outbreak of cryptosporidium.
Salmonella
Similar E. coli, this is another bacteria that not only tin cause diarrhea but can spread beyond the gastrointestinal organisation and can cause infections in other parts of the torso. Salmonella generally occurs in calves who are ten days or older. Calves with salmonella volition have blood in their diarrhea or a rusty looking color to their carrion. Diarrhea caused past salmonella will have a very foul odor (even more pungent than regular dogie diarrhea!) Treatment is focused on replenishing lost electrolytes through fluid therapy and potentially antimicrobial medications. Since the bacteria can enter the bloodstream, information technology is of import to monitor the calf's temperature and provide an anti-inflammatory if they have a fever. Prevention is focused on maintaining a make clean surround and keeping strict hygiene practices that keep nutrient and water bowls and anything else the calf licks clean.
Contracted Tendons
Calves are sometimes born with varying degrees of contracted tendons. This is the about common musculoskeletal abnormality in calves, typically affecting their front end legs and the tendons and muscles involved in flexing the joints. In mild cases the calf may appear to walk on their tip toes with only a balmy curve in their fetlock or carpal. Mild cases can often resolve overtime just by giving the calf time to walk and do, merely you should consult with your veterinarian to see if further intervention is recommended. If the calf is young plenty your veterinary may give them an injection of oxytetracycline to assist relax the flexor muscles. In more severe cases the dogie may actually walk on the top of their hooves considering the carpus and fetlock joints are and so bent- this is often referred to equally "knuckling." While many online sources may recommend you split the calf'due south legs, y'all should e'er accept the calf evaluated by a veterinarian first and should hash out whether splinting is warranted and also learn exactly how to do it. Improper splinting tin can result in a more severe issue than the contracted tendons yous were trying to address, such as infections and permanent damage of the joints. In cases of extreme contracture, surgical intervention may exist recommended.
Growing Up
At around ane year old, calves (peculiarly males) enter a stage for ane to 2 years where they are inclined to limited dominance and independence. Calves who used to exist docile and cuddly can become quite aloof, decumbent to mounting behavior, or even quite hostile to previously beloved caregivers. Practise not accept this personally as this is part of their growing upward process, only always keep this in heed when raising a dogie, especially in the absence of other cows!
Calf Milk Volume Calculators
To help summate the book of milk you might need to feed calves per repast, we've developed a estimator (both in pounds and kilograms) for your use!
- Dogie Milk Volume Calculator (In lb)
- Calf Milk Volume Calculator (In kg)
SOURCES:
Cattle Care | Subcontract Sanctuary
Tendon Issues Of Newborn Calves | Dottie Love
Calves Need Colostrum To Survive | Subcontract & Dairy (Non-Empathetic Source)
Growth Factors And Antimicrobial Factors Of Bovine Colostrum | International Dairy Journal (Not-Compassionate Source)
Calf Scours Signs, Handling, & Prevention | Michigan State University (Not-Compassionate Source)
Tricks Getting A Calf To Drinkable From A Bottle | Moms (Not-Compassionate Source)
When To Wean A Bottle Fed Calf | Moms (Non-Compassionate Source)
Instructions For Raising Bottle Calves | Mother World (Not-Empathetic Source)
Belly button Ill (Omphalitis/Omphaloplebitis) | NADIS (Non-Compassionate Source)
Calf Pneumonia | The Cattle Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Neonatal Dogie Diarrhea | Zoetis (Non-Compassionate Source)
Tendon Troubles In Newborn Calves Require Quick Attending | Dovers (Non-Compassionate Source)
Non-Compassionate Source?
If a source includes the ( Non-Compassionate Source ) tag, it means that we exercise non endorse that item source's views well-nigh animals, fifty-fifty if some of their insights are valuable from a care perspective. See a more than detailed explanation here .
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Source: https://opensanctuary.org/article/special-care-recommendations-for-younger-cows/
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